Redesigned YE4C. September Summit on Preventing Youth Violence. Programs Gang Resistence and Education Program. Publications National Gang Threat Assessment. Changing Course: Preventing Gang Membership. Highlights of the National Youth Gang Survey. Juvenile Justice Bulletin: Gang Prevention. Predictors of Youth Violence. The Impact of Gangs on Communities. Violence by Gang Members, Resources Gender-Specific Programming. Research and Evaluation Projects on Gangs. Risk and Protective Factors Data Tool.
Websites Federal Bureau of Prisons. Gangs Security Threat Groups. MS was originally known as the Mara Salvatrucha Stoners. Its members engaged in petty crimes and distinguished themselves by sporting long hair and listening to heavy metal, borrowing much of the quasi-Satanic symbolism reflected in their tattoos, graffiti, and hand signals from bands such as Judas Priest and Black Sabbath. Their members learned from more violent and longer established gangs such as the Mexican Mafia, to whom MS paid tribute by adding 13 to its moniker M being the 13th letter of the alphabet.
The eventual evolution of MS and Barrio 18 from petty juvenile gangs to prison gangs to TCOs came in the s during the wave of deportations of immigrants with criminal records facilitated by a series of laws passed under President Bill Clinton, including the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of and two measures: the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act and the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act.
These laws inaugurated an era of mass deportations of immigrants with criminal records by expanding the scope of deportable offenses to include crimes such as drunk driving and petty theft. As a consequence, annual deportations to El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras increased twentyfold between and , from just over than 5, to well more than , They reached a peak under the Obama administration, reflecting bipartisan support for such policies.
Central American countries receiving planeloads of deportees responded with a panicked policy which further strengthened the gangs. Under mano dura policies, the government amended delinquency laws to permit arrest of young people for being gang members on the basis of dress and gathering in groups. This resulted in the arrest of more than 30, suspected gang members from to , a time period coinciding with a spike in gang-related murders.
Under different names, this policy has continued to the present day. President Nayib Bukele calls his the Territorial Control Plan and he has sent members of the military into the Legislative Assembly to try to force lawmakers to finance it.
The Bukele government has greatly expanded militarized policing and, in prisons, paraded nearly naked inmates packed in rows before cameras, while simultaneously engaging in secret negotiations with imprisoned gang leaders. The unintended consequence has been the transformation of the Salvadoran prison system into institutions of gang recruitment, training, and eventually hegemonic control, as prisons came to be segregated on the basis of gang membership to minimize violence.
As a result, the incarcerated leadership of MS and Barrio 18—which has since split into two factions, the Southerners and the Revolutionaries—directed their groups from behind prison walls.
Clicas can range in size from less than a dozen to several hundred members, and may be organized into groups called programs, which ultimately answer to a ruling council called the ranfla , made up of senior gang leaders incarcerated in El Salvador.
Historically, members were expected to get tattoos on visible parts of the body such as their hands and face to demonstrate their loyalty and prevent them from leaving the gang, though this practice has faded amid increased police crackdowns.
In business dealings, clicas have little coordination among one another or with the gang as a whole, and are given a wide degree of leeway as long as they kick back a certain percentage of their earnings to the ranfla. The level of autonomy varies on geography: MS cliques on the U.
East Coast are more integrated into transnational programs and answer more directly to the ranfla than those on the U. West Coast. Cliques are territorially defined, though more broadly in the United States. In Central America, they seek to control not only illicit activity in their neighborhoods but entire neighborhoods outright, by buying off police and local authorities. As a result, gangs often conscript residents of neighborhoods in which they operate.
This territorial model gives clicas the ability to monitor the movement of individuals within and between gang-controlled neighborhoods.
Gangs in El Salvador are known to seek out returned migrants upon arrival, including arranging transportation from the San Salvador airport, targeting them for forced recruitment, extortion, or interrogation as potential rival gang members. Returnees have been known to be kidnapped and killed within hours of arrival, their bodies found on the Comalapa Highway linking the airport to the capital. Such targeting is facilitated by networks of U.
Leaders incentivize violence against rival members to prove loyalty and rise through the ranks. Deportees with either real or imagined gang ties are therefore ideal targets. Gangs are not the only institutions targeting deported migrants.
Police and allied paramilitary groups have subjected deportees to harm ranging from harassment to extrajudicial executions. In El Salvador, a program established by a law, Decree , mandates police monitor deportees who have criminal backgrounds or who visit and live in areas frequented by gang members.
Such deportees are required to check in regularly with police. For instance:. The number of incarcerated prisoners affiliated with gangs is most likely underestimated, as most state correctional facilities document only gang members who pose a threat to institutional security.
To Department of Justice Home Page. The transnational gang first formed in the s in Los Angeles and is known internationally for acts of extreme violence — drive-by shootings, murders and smuggling drugs into the United States.
McSally isn't the only person who has used this number to highlight the importance of border security — U. Attorney General Jeff Sessions and Trump himself have used it. However, the FBI's most recent report, from , does not state that there are 10, MS gang members, nor does it include the agency's methodology for tracking gang members across the country. The page document provides an overview of street gangs, prison gangs and outlaw motorcycle groups and the role technology plays in gang activities.
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