But the latest research says that even if these practices seem to work to modify kids' behavior at the moment, the long-term effects are just not worth it. Plus, the American Academy of Pediatrics AAP recommends against both spanking and yelling, in favor of a positive learning approach. Here's what you need to know about harsh discipline. Harsh discipline is any sort of disciplinary practice that seeks to make a child feel bad.
This includes spanking or slaps on the wrist, but it also encompasses non-physical discipline that inflicts emotional and mental pain, such as yelling, name-calling , berating, shaming, or public embarrassment. Harsh discipline differs from abuse because it is used intentionally and within perceived reason. When parents use harsh discipline, they choose certain practices because they believe they work or are necessary to address certain behaviors.
Abusive behavior may be more erratic and can happen without any intent to correct a child's behavior. Extreme punishments also may be abusive.
Beating and bruising a kid is abuse; spanking is harsh discipline. Calling a kid worthless regularly is abuse; telling them you're embarrassed to be their parent when they do something wrong is harsh punishment. The ongoing debate that asks if spanking is "really that bad" finds its answer in the research.
Children whose parents used corporal punishment showed more depression, anxiety, angry outbursts, and physical aggression as adolescents. Outwardly aggressive behaviors in childhood have been linked to crime and violence later in life.
Spanking is an aggressive act—children who witness spanking will often model many of the same behaviors toward others. This can be quite confusing for young minds to understand and to understand when aggression is appropriate. Repeated use of physical punishment also can affect the parent-child relationship. Children whose parents spanked or hit as a form of discipline showed less warmth toward their parents during adolescence. They were also less likely to try and solve conflicts with their parents, presumably because they felt less safe expressing their autonomy.
Corporal punishment like spanking is on the decline in the United States, but many parents do not realize that harsh verbal discipline like yelling and shaming similarly elevates stress hormones and affects brain development. Harsh verbal discipline creates a shame cycle that damages self-esteem and takes a toll on the parent-child relationship. These mental effects of internalizing shame are far-reaching. For instance, children who have been disciplined harshly have less confidence in their ability to problem-solve and regulate their own emotions, Poole explains.
Guilt and resentment associated with harsh verbal discipline also can impact the parent-child bond. As they grow into adolescence, this guilt often evolves into strong resentment," she says. Parents teach their children with their actions, whether intentionally or not. Consequently, a model of aggressive behavior often means that a child is then more likely to repeat the behavior with their peers or as an adult in their personal relationships.
If a child sees their parents handling intense emotions by lashing out through yelling, shaming, or hitting, the child learns that aggression is an acceptable way of handling anger.
Proponents of harsh discipline often point to the fact that it does modify behavior. They cite unsafe behaviors like running away from a parent or going into the street as cases where harsh discipline is worth it. But does it really teach lasting obedience? The simple answer is no. Negative reinforcement does not accomplish that goal. I am not going in there! What is the correct order of the stages of the response to a stressor? What stage in the response to stress involves reviewing what the event has meant in the past?
How well a child copes with stress depends on the child's:. B and C. This E-mail is already registered as a Premium Member with us. Kindly login to access the content at no cost. This E-mail is already registered with us. Not my Question Bookmark. Considering the high prevalence of harsh discipline in the current sample and other reports with representative samples [ 1 , 2 , 4 ], the consequences of harsh discipline may manifest into a considerable cause for concern at the societal level [ 1 ].
Yet, further research is needed to thoroughly understand the causal mechanisms that may underlie the relationship between harsh discipline, mental health problems and cognitive deficits. Particularly, further studies that examine these relations across countries and societies in which harsh disciplinary methods are legal and highly prevalent using scientific rigorous designs are essential. The findings of the present study emphasize the need to inform parents, caregivers, governmental organizations, and the population at large, especially in countries with a high prevalence rate of harsh discipline, about the potentially adverse consequences associated with harsh discipline.
Thereby, it is important to raise awareness that children also suffer from internalizing problems e. Furthermore, our findings suggest that effective prevention of harsh discipline may be required to help to prevent children from developing mental health problems. Beside economic and environmental factors e. Lansford et al. Hermenau et al. We recommend more research efforts that focus on developing and testing culturally appropriate prevention programs that effectively replace harsh discipline by forms of educational measures that do not harm the children.
There are some limitations of the study that should be noted: first, the cross-sectional study design does not allow for the establishment of causality. We cannot, for example, completely rule out the possibility that children who perform poorly at school experienced more harsh discipline and thus develop mental health issues. However, in our models we did not find a direct association between poor school performance and harsh discipline. The recruitment of study participants at one primary school limits the generalizability of our findings.
Therefore, we could not gather information regarding the socio-economic status SES of our sample. It remains to be tested whether SES may impact cognitive functioning through other pathways than harsh discipline. Generally, the children talked very openly about their experiences and feelings. However, potential biases, such as social desirability, can never be completely ruled out for subjective reports.
Furthermore, we did not assess the exposure to harsh discipline by teachers systematically. The exposure to harsh discipline in school may have further added to the impact of harsh discipline at home. Further, our findings underscore the need to implement preventative measures against the use of these forms of discipline.
Through these efforts, reducing harsh discipline in their home environments combined with the fostering of positive caregiving skills we would enable children to grow up in a respectful and supportive atmosphere, thereby strengthening their development. Only children with an informed consent signed by their parents or caregivers were included in this study. Straus MA. Prevalence, societal causes, and trends in corporal punishment by parents in world perspective.
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